T9910请你翻译

　　T9909请你翻译参考译文：

机器人技术

　　机器人这一词最早出现在20年代初期剧作家卡诺尔·凯佩克的剧本R.U.R.中，在当时用来泛指奴隶劳动。实际上很多人幻想的机器人与工厂中的机器人相距甚远，机器人是由程序控制的通用加工机械。机器人现正在取代硬自动化设备，这是由于在一组规则的控制下，专用设备只能完成一种操作。硬自动化设备是非常专一的，不适合于种类繁多的任务。目前机器人技术上的难题是如何制造出容易通过编程完成各种任务，而且所需费用又比人工低的通用机器人。
　　根据SRI这个国际一流的人工智能研究组织的建议，工厂人工智能的研究目标，是研制可编程工业自动化设备，这种设备有三种特性：(1)灵活性，即具有完成不同任务的能力；(2)容易掌握，即人们能通过编程完成新的任务；(3)人工智能，即能觉察预料不到的状况并对此采取相应的措施。
　　现在人们已开始认识到机器人不仅是代替人的机器，而且是公司信息系统的扩展，在这样的系统中，加工、材料处理、设计、行政管理、生产、装配、质量控制、包装和运输各方面都由一个信息系统综合管理和控制。
　　杨春等十位读者获得了这次“T9909请你翻译”的奖品：北京实达铭泰计算机应用技术开发公司提供的《东方快车2000》标准版！希望大家继续参加我们的活动！请大家在翻译稿（平信和电子邮件）中写清自己的姓名及通讯地址，以便我们在你获奖后给你寄奖品。还有，在平信的信封正面或者电子邮件的“主题（subject)”上写明“T990X请你翻译”，以免你的稿件被放到其它版块的来信中，耽误审稿、抽奖时间。（以E－mail投稿的读者请将翻译稿件寄到advice@cpcw.com这个邮箱）
　　黑龙江　杨　春　浙　江　张　委　
　　湖　北　王国璇　广　东　庞文博　
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　　T9910请你翻译原文：

SOFTWARE DESIGN

　　Software design is a creative process.It requires a certain amount of flair on the part of the designer and the final design is normally an iteration from a number of preliminary designs.Design cannot be learned from a book－it must be practiced and learnt by experience and study of existing systems.Good design is the key to effective software engineering.A well designed software system is straightforward to implement and maintain,easily understood and reliable.Badly designed systems,although they may work,are likely to be expensive to maintain,difficult to test and unreliable.The design stage is therefore the most critical part of the software development process.
　　Effective software design is best accomplished by using a consistent design methodology.There have been a vast number of design methodologies developed and used in different applications.some of these are described by Peters and by Blank and Krijger.In essence,most of these methodologies can be classified into one of three areas:
　　1.Top－down functional design.The system is designed from a functional viewpoint,starting with a high－level view and progressively refining this into a more detailed design.This methodology is exemplified by Structured Design and step－wise refinement.
　　2.Object－oriented design.The system is viewed as a collection of objects rather than as functions with messages passed from object to object.Each object has its own set of associated operations.Object－oriented design is based on the idea of information hiding which was first put forward by Parnas and which has been described by Robson and Booch.
　　3.Data－driven design.This methodology,suggested by jackson and Warnier suggests that the structure of a software system should reflect the structure of the data processed by that system. Therefore,the softwae design is derived from an analysis of the input and output system data.